Homosexuality - peoples choice - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2448 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/08/07 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Homosexuality Essay Did you like this example? Homosexuality has existed for many years. Majority of the time homosexuals get criticized and are viewed as sinners. People still dont understand what homosexuality is, and what causes a person to be homosexual. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Homosexuality peoples choice" essay for you Create order Braverman (1973) in her book gives a description and definition of what homosexuality is. She mentions that homosexuality is an erotic preference for individuals of ones own sex. Nowadays individuals who identify themselves as homosexuals call themselves gay (Bravermen, 1973). There are many stereotypes and myths about homosexuality. People believe that these individuals are homosexuals because they arent sure what their gender identity is. When in reality, gender identity is a whole different topic. Another myth or stereotype is that homosexuals are pedophiles, but there is no evidence or studies that support this claim. Homosexuals are normal humans just like everyone else, they are ordinary people with ordinary interests (Bravermen, 1973). Although it is hard to understand and really know how these individuals feel. There have been plenty of models that scientists have created. One of these models is Casss Model of Homosexual Identity Formation. This model is based on the assumptions that homosexuality is something that occurs between the individual and the environment (Kenneady Oswalt, 2014). There are six stages to this model. The very first stage focuses on consciousness awareness, in which the individual notices his behavior and feelings are different from what society and the norm is. The second stage to this model is identity comparison. This is when the individual accepts he/she is homosexual and feels good to be identified as homosexual. In this stage the person can also deny his sexual preferences (Kenneady Oswalt, 2014). The third stage is identity tolerance. This stage is when individuals start to look for others whose sexual preference is the same. This makes them have a higher self-esteem and create clos e relationships with people who they can identify with. The following stage is identity acceptance. This stage is when the individual has a more positive self-image of themselves. The next stage is identity pride; which explains how these individuals start feeling pride for their sexual preferences. At this stage individuals become more informed about homosexuality. The last stage is identity synthesis. This is when individuals are fully identified as homosexual, and they see it as an important part of their image. This is when they fully comprehend why they feel a certain way, and they start to feel good about themselves even though people might seem them as different (Kenneady Oswalt, 2014). This model is one of many others that try to inform what homosexuals have to go through, and what their process is. Although it doesnt explain why individuals are homosexuals it does provide beneficial information to understand them better. Nowadays there has been many theories and studies that try to explain what causes individuals to feel sexually attracted by members of their own sex. There has been a lot of controversy on whether homosexuality is something individuals are born with, or something that they choose to be. There are studies that prove that sexual orientation is a choice, because these individuals change their sexual orientation. The biological side of this issue focuses more on explaining genetic differences in homosexuals and heterosexual men. Some of these experiments have focused on studying the brain, fraternal birth order research, genetic scanning, and many others. There has been plenty of studies that focus on proving the biological side of homosexuality. Although the studies are scientific, there are a couple of problems that make the studies not one hundred percent reliable. One of those studies was done by Bogaert (2003). In this study they researched the relationship or correlation between body size, fraternal birth order, and sexual orientation (Bogaert, 2003). Their results showed that there is a relationship between late birth order and homosexuality in males. Which results in homosexual men having a bigger number of brothers than heterosexuals. The study didnt find any significant correlation between sexual preferences and body weight. Although the study proved that fraternal birth order in biological brothers had a correlation with homosexuality, the study can be weakened because the results arent generalizable. The results of this study are only applicable to biological male brothers and cannot be applicable to biological sisters. T he results show that males are the only ones that are affected by this phenomenon but not females. If the results of a study are not able to be generalizable to all the population then the study can present certain limitations, and it affects the accuracy and reliability of the results. Another flaw in this study was found by Jones Kwee (2018), they mention that the sample used was nonrepresentative. The sample of this study was enlisted from the Toronto Gay Pride Parade and other LGBT communities (Jones Kwee, 2018). Nonrepresentative samples affects the study because this sample can cause many biases. One of those problems this sample caused is that later-born gay men was overrepresented because the sample they got was from a Gay Parade, which is obvious that these gay men have officially came out as homosexuals and are proud of their sexual orientation. (Jones Kwee, 2018). This sample could have been overrepresenting the later-born gay men and underrepresenting the earlier-born gay men at the Parade. This can result in naturally exaggerating the fraternal birth order effect in this sample (Jones Kwee, 2018). Although the results of the study proved that fraternal birth order research is correlated with homosexuality, the sample they used was biased because the y only gathered their sample from the Toronto Gay Pride Parade. This makes the study questionable whether if the findings are accurate or not. Gavrilets, Friberg, Rice (2018) criticizes and gives many reasons why the Fraternal Birth Order Effect is not the main explanation of homosexuality. The FBOE focuses on explaining homosexuality by using the fraternal birth order. Although it has good evidence, the problem with this theory is that it cant explain homosexuality in individuals that dont have any older brothers (Gavrilets, et al., 2018). Another reason is that the FBOE cant explain female homosexuality. There hasnt been any evidence that shows that the FBOE theory also works for female homosexuality. Gavrilets et al. (2018) points out that the FBOE is inconsistent because there is a low concordance of sexual preferences in twins. Since these brothers are twins they should both be equally affected because they have the same genes and were developed in the same fetal environment (Gavrilets et al., 2018). Another reason why FBOE cant be the explanation for homosexuality is because the researchers have made many predictio ns that have not been tested. Some of these predictions is that there is a higher number of homosexuals in more religious families, and that this will result in homosexuals having a larger number of offspring. Another prediction is that there will be a higher number of homosexuals in nonWestern societies where the families are usually large (Gavrilets et al., 2018). These predictions have not been tested, which makes the study run into some problems. Although the FBOE seemed to be in the right path to explain homosexuality, it still needs many things to work on before its findings can be generalizable to all the homosexual population. Another study that points out the biological side of homosexuality was written by, Mustanski et al. (2005). This study is one of the first studies that reports a full genome scan of sexual orientation in men (Mustanski et al., 2005). The purpose of this study was to find if there is any correlation between genetics and sexual orientation in men. The sample of this study was gathered through advertisements. They utilized individuals from 146 families, 73 families were previously studied by other experimenters. The other 73 families were new families not previously tested (Mustanski et al., 2005). There are some sample biased found in this study because the samples were found through advertisements through local homophile publications. In these advertisements the researchers clearly stated that the purpose of the study was to look for genetic factors in homosexual men. Since the subjects recruited are volunteering themselves, they can influence the results because the subjects can be inclined to favor the study. This can be considered limitations to the study because the participants can intentionally affect the results, which will become a problem when trying to generalize the findings (Jones Kwee, 2018). Another aspect to have in mind is that the results of this study showed that there was no evidence of a linkage relationship in the Xq28 region to homosexuality. This is interesting because the original study that was done by Hamer (1993) found that the Xq28 region of the X chromosome was linked to homosexuality. This can cause the credibility of this study to be questionable because Mustanski et al. (2005) wasnt able to replicate the previous findings. Another problem with this study was that the media headlined that Mustanski et al. (2005) had found specific chromosomes (7, 8, and 10) to be linked to homosexuality. When in reality Mustanski et al. (2005) mentions that they found two regions for suggestive linkage and one region of near significance. They never stated that these chromosomes were one hundred percent linked to homosexuality. Overall, their findings werent proven to have statistical significance. Although this study showed some evidence, in the future there should be replications of this study to show that the findings are significantly important. Another study that has taken place was written by Byne et al. (2001). This study focuses on human brain structure, and whether there is any good evidence that suggests that the brain has a relationship with sexual orientation. They examined the human hypothalamus and looked for any differences between homosexuals and heterosexuals. Their results showed that there was a difference in the interstitial nuclei of the human anterior hypothalamus (INAH1â€Å"4) in heterosexual men than women (Byne, et al., 2001). Although the researchers thought these results meant something important for their study, it didnt. The differences in INAH1-4 didnt mean that males had a bigger size or a denser neuron. It just meant that women have fewer neurons in that specific area (Jones Kwee, 2018). The findings were not significant to the study because the difference in INAH1-4 wasnt important. The researchers also found that the INAH3 volume of homosexual males wasnt much different from heterosexual males and heterosexual females. Which basically means that the differences in INAH3 were not statistically significant in comparing heterosexual males or females. Byne et al. (2001) states sexual orientation cannot be reliably predicted on the basis of INAH3 volume alone. Researchers concluded that even if they had found a significant difference between the INAH3 of homosexuals and heterosexuals, it wouldnt have mattered, because they cant predict that homosexuality has a correlation with INAH3. This is not enough evidence to make this type of statement. Later in the study, researchers found out that the nonsignificant difference they had found earlier in heterosexual and homosexual men was not attributable to numbers of neurons, because homosexual and heterosexual men were found to have comparable number of neurons (Jones Kwee, 2018). This makes the study step on a limb becau se the findings they had made werent useful. Although the study doesnt show any differences between homosexuals and heterosexual men, there is probably a difference, but this difference might not be the same as the one between males and females. Another problem with this study was that Byne et al. (2001) mentions that if these differences exist, they dont mean that they are proof of prenatal, or that they biologically determine sexual orientation. Although the differences in INAH3 might be caused by prenatal hormones, there is a chance that other differences might emerge later in the development and the neurons that survive become part of the circuit (Byne et al., 2001). This means that although there might be a difference in INAH3, it doesnt mean that its something biological or something they are born with, because there are other variables that might influence this difference. Many of these differences can mean the result of learning and not necessarily something biological. Based on this study, it is obvious that there isnt sufficient evidence to affirm that there is a relationship between brain structure and sexual orientation. There have also been studies that explain homosexuality as a choice, and people decide their sexual preferences. These researchers believe that homosexuality is something people choose to be and not something they are born with. One of these researchers has made multiple studies on sexual preference and homosexuality. One of the many longitudinal studies by Diamond (2003) focuses on homosexual women who were interviewed three times in a 5-year period. The purpose of the study was to see if these women would relinquish their sexual identity in the 5-year period that the study took place. The aim of the study was also to see if by relinquishing their sexual identity they would have different histories, attractions, and behaviors (Diamond, 2003). There were 80 non-heterosexual women who participated in the study. They interviewed the participants before and after the 5-year process. The results of the study showed that over the 5-year period; one fourth of the women relinquished their l esbian or bisexual identities. Half of these women went back to being heterosexual, and the other half stopped labeling their sexual identity (Diamond, 2003). This study proves that homosexuality is a choice. If homosexuality was something that people are born with, they wouldnt be able to change it whenever they felt like it. The study proves that these women changed their sexual identity because they had the choice to do it. They were able to do it because they are the ones that decide what sexual orientation they are better identified with. Another study by Diamond (2000) also proves that homosexuality is something people have the choice to decide. This study is similar to the other study previously mentioned, but the difference is that it was only a 2-year period. There were 80 women who participated in this study. The researcher gathered the information via interviewing the subjects. The results of the study showed that although there was general stability in their sexual attraction, half of the women reported they had changed their sexual identity (Diamond, 200). This evidence demonstrates sexual identity is chosen and not biological. Warren (2014) in her article mentions that choice is the only thing that sets us apart from animals and plants. She explains that as humans we choose thousands of things. One of those choices is what sexual orientation people prefer. Humans are able to choose if they want to come out as gay or if they want to stay heterosexual. It doesnt matter if a person is gay or straight, they still have the right to make choices (Warren, 2014). Both of the studies conducted by Diamond proved that these individuals can change their sexual orientation, and that homosexuality its not something biological. Another

“There Are Many Things That Could Be Lost And Found Later,

â€Å"There are many things that could be lost and found later, but there are some things when lost are lost forever†. On the day my grandfather died, my grandmother uttered these words to me. I was 8 years old. At that time, with my immature mind, I was not able to understand what she meant by that. Losing things is a common occurrence that happens to everyone; I always thought if I lost something, I could just find it later with a little help of time. Ever since I met my dear friend Brian Chiu, that was when I truly understood what my grandmother said when some things when lost are lost forever. It was March 7th, 2016. Sleeping in my comfortable bed, snuggly tucked in a thick, warm blanket, I laid a rest. My room was filled with complete†¦show more content†¦However, the pessimistic part of me was telling me that it was going to be a boring day; I was going to be stuck doing mundane work such as worksheets and readings. I couldn’t help but sigh, thinking about it. After finishing my nutritious breakfast, it was time for me to go to school. Dressed and packed with everything I needed for school, I walked out my door with my head facing forward. On my way, walking to the train station, I had a tendency of looking around and paying attention to the littlest of things. I saw old pieces of worn-out furniture in the streets ready for pick up, people walking out of their houses holding a cup of coffee or books in their hands, and cars driving on the streets. As I came to a stop at one particular street cross, I waited for the crosswalk light to turn to the white walk sign. When I attempted to cross the street, I saw a blur of strobing lights pass in front of me; it was a blur of flashing red, white and blue lights. I realized that it was an ambulance that raced by. At that moment, I felt an ominous feeling that made me momentarily paused. Curiously, I glanced over the path of the ambulance. I saw that it stopped in front of an ordinary nail salon, where my friend Brian was living. But, that curiosity was forcefully shut down. The urgent need to arrive to class made me, fearing I was going to be late for class, restrained my curiosity and I ran towards the train station. Little did I know, something terrible occurred. AfterShow MoreRelatedThe Fate Of The Colonists1366 Words   |  6 Pagesback two years later (Lane). Everything had completely vanished. How could someone leave and when they get back everything is just gone? Roanoke Colony completely vanished nothing left; no bodies, no supplies, but there are many theories dealing with the fate of the colonists. In 1584, Raleigh was granted a patent by Queen Elizabeth I to colonize in America (Lane). Raleigh sent explorers Philip Amadas, and Artur Barloue to scout the island of Roanoke. 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Water Pollution Is the Contamination of Water Bodies Free Essays

Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e. g. lakes, rivers, oceans and groundwater). We will write a custom essay sample on Water Pollution Is the Contamination of Water Bodies or any similar topic only for you Order Now Water pollution affects plants and organisms living in these bodies of water; and, in almost all cases the effect is damaging not only to individual species and populations, but also to the natural biological communities. Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds.Millions depend on the polluted Ganges river. Water pollution is a major problem in the global context. It has been suggested that it is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases,[1][2] and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily. [2] An estimated 700 million Indians have no access to a proper toilet, and 1,000 Indian children die of diarrheal sickness every day. 3] Some 90% of China’s cities suffer from some degree of water pollution,[4] and nearly 500 million people lack access to safe drinking water. [5] In addition to the acute problems of water pollution in developing countries, industrialized countries continue to struggle with pollution problems as well. In the most recent national report on water quality in the United States, 45 percent of assessed stream miles, 47 percent of assessed lake acres, and 32 percent of assessed bay and estuarine square miles were classified as polluted. 6] Water is typically referred to as polluted when it is impaired by anthropogenic contaminants and either does not support a human use, like serving as drinking water, and/or undergoes a marked shift in its ability to support its constituent biotic communities, such as fish. Natural phenomena such as volcanoes, algae blooms, storms, and earthquakes also cause major changes in water quality and the ecological status of water. [edit]Water pollution categories Surface water and groundwater have often been studied and managed as separate resources, although they are interrelated. 7] Sources of surface water pollution are generally grouped into two categories based on their origin. [edit] Point source pollution Point source pollution – Shipyard  œ Rio de Janeiro. Point source pollution refers to contaminants that enter a waterway through a discrete conveyance, such as a pipe or ditch. Examples of sources in this category include discharges from a sewage treatment plant, a factory, or a city storm drain. The U. S. Clean Water Act (CWA) defines point source for regulatory enforcement purposes. 8] The CWA definition of point source was amended in 1987 to include municipal storm sewer systems, as well as industrial stormwater, such as from construction sites. [9] [edit] Non–point source pollution Non–point source (NPS) pollution refers to diffuse contamination that does not originate from a single discrete source. NPS pollution is often the cumulative effect of small amounts of contaminants gathered from a large area. The leaching out of nitrogen compounds from agricultural land which has been fertilized is a typical example.Nutrient runoff in stormwater from â€Å"sheet flow† over an agricultural field or a forest are also cited as examples of NPS pollution. Contaminated storm water washed off of parking lots, roads and highways, called urban runoff, is sometimes included under the category of NPS pollution. However, this runoff is typically channeled into storm drain systems and discharged through pipes to local surface waters, and is a point source. However where such water is not channeled and drains directly to ground it is a non-point source. [edit] Groundwater pollution See also: Hydrogeology Interactions between groundwater and surface water are complex.Consequently, groundwater pollution, sometimes referred to as groundwater contamination, is not as easily classified as surface water pollution. [7] By its very nature, groundwater aquifers are susceptible to contamination from sources that may not directly affect surface water bodies, and the distinction of point vs. non-point source may be irrelevant. A spill or ongoing releases of chemical or radionuclide contaminants into soil (located away from a surface water body) may not create point source or non-point source pollution, but can contaminate the aquifer below, defined as a toxin plume.The movement of the plume, a plume front, can be part of a Hydrological transport model or Groundwater model. Analysis of groundwater contamination may focus on the soil characteristics and site geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, and the nature of the contaminants. [edit] Causes of water pollution The specific contaminants leading to pollution in water include a wide spectrum of chemicals, pathogens, and physical or sensory changes such as elevated temperature and discoloration. While many of the chemicals and substances that are regulate d may be naturally occurring (calcium, sodium, ron, manganese, etc. ) the concentration is often the key in determining what is a natural component of water, and what is a contaminant. Oxygen-depleting substances may be natural materials, such as plant matter (e. g. leaves and grass) as well as man-made chemicals. Other natural and anthropogenic substances may cause turbidity (cloudiness) which blocks light and disrupts plant growth, and clogs the gills of some fish species. [10] Many of the chemical substances are toxic. Pathogens can produce waterborne diseases in either human or animal hosts. 11] Alteration of water’s physical chemistry includes acidity (change in pH), electrical conductivity, temperature, and eutrophication. Eutrophication is an increase in the concentration of chemical nutrients in an ecosystem to an extent that increases in the primary productivity of the ecosystem. Depending on the degree of eutrophication, subsequent negative environmental effects such as anoxia (oxygen depletion) and severe reductions in water quality may occur, affecting fish and other animal populations. [edit] Pathogens A manhole cover unable to contain a sanitary sewer overflow.Coliform bacteria are a commonly used bacterial indicator of water pollution, although not an actual cause of disease. Other microorganisms sometimes found in surface waters which have caused human health problems include: †¢Burkholderia pseudomallei †¢Cryptosporidium parvum †¢Giardia lamblia †¢Salmonella †¢Novovirus and other viruses †¢Parasitic worms (helminths). [1 2][13] High levels of pathogens may result from inadequately treated sewage discharges. [14] This can be caused by a sewage plant designed with less than secondary treatment (more typical in less-developed countries).In developed countries, older cities with aging infrastructure may have leaky sewage collection systems (pipes, pumps, valves), which can cause sanitary sewer overflows. Some cities also have combined sewers, which may discharge untreated sewage during rain storms. [15] Pathogen discharges may also be caused by poorly managed livestock operations. [edit] Chemical and other contaminants Muddy river polluted by sediment. Photo courtesy of United States Geological Survey. Contaminants may include organic and inorganic substances. Organic water pollutants include: †¢Detergents †¢Disinfection by-products found in chemically disinfected drinking water, such as chloroform †¢Food processing waste, which can include oxygen-demanding substances, fats and grease †¢Insecticides and herbicides, a huge range of organohalides and other chemical compounds †¢Petroleum hydrocarbons, including fuels (gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuels, and fuel oil) and lubricants (motor oil), and fuel combustion byproducts, from stormwater runoff[16] †¢Tree and bush debris from logging operations Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as industrial solvents, from improper storage. Chlorinated solvents, which are dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs), may fall to the bottom of reservoirs, since they don’t mix well with water and are denser. †¢Various chemical compounds found in personal hygiene and cosmetic products Inorganic water pollutants include:†¢Acidity caused by industrial discharges ( especially sulfur dioxide from power plants) †¢Ammonia from food processing waste †¢Chemical waste as industrial by-products Fertilizers containing nutrients–nitrates and phosphates–which are found in stormwater runoff from agriculture, as well as commercial and residential use[16] †¢Heavy metals from motor vehicles (via urban stormwater runoff)[16][17] and acid mine drainage †¢Silt (sediment) in runoff from construction sites, logging, slash and burn practices or land clearing sites Macroscopic pollution—large visible items polluting the water—may be termed â€Å"floatables† in an urban stormwater context, or marine debris when found on the open seas, and can include such items as: †¢Trash (e. . paper, plastic, or food waste) discarded by people on the ground, and that are washed by rainfall into storm drains and eventually discharged into surface waters †¢Nurdles, small ubiquitous waterborne plastic pellets †¢Sh ipwrecks, large derelict ships Potrero Generating Station discharges heated water into San Francisco Bay. [18] [edit] Thermal pollution Main article: Thermal pollution Thermal pollution is the rise or fall in the temperature of a natural body of water caused by human influence.A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers. Elevated water temperatures decreases oxygen levels (which can kill fish) and affects ecosystem composition, such as invasion by new thermophilic species. Urban runoff may also elevate temperature in surface waters. Thermal pollution can also be caused by the release of very cold water from the base of reservoirs into warmer rivers. [edit] Transport and chemical reactions of water pollutants See also: Marine pollution Most water pollutants are eventually carried by rivers into the oceans.In some areas of the world the influence can be traced hundred miles from the mouth by studies using hydrology transport models. Advanced computer models such as SWMM or the DSSAM Model have been used in many locations worldwide to examine the fate of pollutants in aquatic systems. Indicator filter feeding species such as copepods have also been used to study pollutant fates in the New York Bight, for example. The highest toxin loads are not directly at the mouth of the Hudson River, but 100 kilometers south, since several days are required for incorporation into planktonic tissue.The Hudson discharge flows south along the coast due to coriolis force. Further south then are areas of oxygen depletion, caused by chemicals using up oxygen and by algae blooms, caused by excess nutrients from algal cell death and decomposition. Fish and shellfish kills have been reported, because toxins climb the food chain after small fish consume copepods, then large fish eat smaller fish, etc. Each successive step up the food chain causes a stepwise concentration of pollutants such as heavy metals (e. g. mercury) and persistent organic pollutants such as DDT. This is known as biomagnification, which is occasionally used interchangeably with bioaccumulation. A polluted river draining an abandoned copper mine on Anglesey Large gyres (vortexes) in the oceans trap floating plastic debris. The North Pacific Gyre for example has collected the so-called â€Å"Great Pacific Garbage Patch† that is now estimated at 100 times the size of Texas. Many of these long-lasting pieces wind up in the stomachs of marine birds and animals. This results in obstruction of digestive pathways which leads to reduced appetite or even starvation.Many chemicals undergo reactive decay or chemically change especially over long periods of time in groundwater reservoirs. A noteworthy class of such chemicals is the chlorinated hydrocarbons such as trichloroethylene (used in industrial metal degreasing and electronics manufacturing) and tetrachloroethylene used in the dry cleaning industry (note latest advances in liquid carbon dioxide in dry cleaning that avoids al l use of chemicals). Both of these chemicals, which are carcinogens themselves, undergo partial decomposition reactions, leading to new hazardous chemicals (including dichloroethylene and vinyl chloride).Groundwater pollution is much more difficult to abate than surface pollution because groundwater can move great distances through unseen aquifers. Non-porous aquifers such as clays partially purify water of bacteria by simple filtration (adsorption and absorption), dilution, and, in some cases, chemical reactions and biological activity: however, in some cases, the pollutants merely transform to soil contaminants. Groundwater that moves through cracks and caverns is not filtered and can be transported as easily as surface water.In fact, this can be aggravated by the human tendency to use natural sinkholes as dumps in areas of Karst topography. There are a variety of secondary effects stemming not from the original pollutant, but a derivative condition. An example is silt-bearing surface runoff, which ca n inhibit the penetration of sunlight through the water column, hampering photosynthesis in aquatic plants. [edit] Measurement of water pollution Environmental Scientists preparing water autosamplers. Water pollution may be analyzed through several broad categories of methods: physical, chemical and biological.Most involve collection of samples, followed by specialized analytical tests. Some methods may be conducted in situ, without sampling, such as temperature. Government agencies and research organizations have published standardized, validated analytical test methods to facilitate the comparability of results from disparate testing events. [19] [edit] Sampling Sampling of water for physical or chemical testing can be done by several methods, depending on the accuracy needed and the characteristics of the contaminant. Many contamination events are sharply restricted in time, most commonly in association with rain events. For this reason â€Å"grab† samples are often inadequate for fully quantifying contaminant levels. Scientists gathering this type of data often employ auto-sampler devices that pump increments of water at either time or discharge intervals. Sampling for biological testing involves collection of plants and/or animals from the surface water body. Depending on the type of assessment, the organisms may be identified for biosurveys (population counts) and returned to the water body, or they may be dissected for bioassays to determine toxicity. [edit] Physical testingCommon physical tests of water include temperature, solids concentration like total suspended solids (TSS) and turbidity. [edit] Chemical testing See also: water chemistry analysis and environmental chemistry Water samples may be examined using the principles of analytical chemistry. Many published test methods are available for both organic and inorganic compounds. Frequently used methods include pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nutrients (nitrate and phosphorus compounds), metals (including copper, zinc, cadmium, lead and mercury), oil and grease, total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), and pesticide How to cite Water Pollution Is the Contamination of Water Bodies, Papers

Conclusion Of Global Warming Essay Example For Students

Conclusion Of Global Warming Essay CLIMATE PLAN IS CRITICIZED AS A RISKY BETPresident Bush is involved in a new topic for once other then the topic of war or terrorists. President Bush has recently re-entered in to the global warming debate by presenting a new plan to override the Kyoto agreement that President Clinton signed in 1997. The Kyoto agreement was a treaty that was put in to effect to dramatically lower greenhouse gas emissions in 37 different countries. The most popular greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and water vapor. A build up of these gases is caused by global warming, which is an increase in the earths temperature. This temperature increase is due to the use of fossil fuels and other industrial processes. Human activities are responsible for a significant amount of fossil fuels put into the atmosphere. Fossil fuels burned to run cars and trucks, heat homes and businesses, and power factories are responsible for about 98% of U.S. carbon dioxide emissions. Increased agricultu re, deforestation, landfills, industrial production, and mining also contribute a significant share of emissions. In 1997, the United States was responsible for almost one-fifth of the total greenhouse gases in the world. The debate between science and economics play a large part in the decision on how to attack this problem of global warming. Of course the government wants to lower the rates that we release greenhouse gases, but they have to be very carefully how they attack the problem as President Bush has learned. In the article it explains how Asian and European countries are criticizing President Bush because he has abandoned the Kyoto treaty. The decision by Bush was made because the President felt that Kyotos plan was harming the U.S. economy. The plan he has brought forth offers incentives to businesses to voluntarily reduce U.S. greenhouse gas emissions by an estimated 4.5% over 10 years and to reduce power plant emissions. Bush claims that these changes in the fight against greenhouse gas reduction are more realistic goals with less damage on the U.S. economy. Other countries are still worried about scientific concerns that climate change could lead to sever floods and droughts, rising sea levels and an increase in malaria and respiratory disease. Parties are also criticizing the plan because Bushs plan is not mandatory, but it is voluntary concluding that companies will not be willing to change their ways. Some people who are in favor of Bushs new policy are scientists who are not convinced that global warming is a serious long-term effect. These same scientists are claiming that short-term aggressive moves would harm the economy and waste resources that could be used to solve other problems. After all is said, Bushs policy is indeed to help the economy as well as the environment. But not all will be happy with the amount emphasis placed on the environment and at the same time some people will feel even more emphasis should be put on the economy. Government agencies such as the EPA, (Environmental Protection Agency) and other federal agencies are engaging the local, state, and federal governments, to engage in partnerships based on a win-win situation aimed at addressing the problem of global warming a long with strengthening the economy at the same time.BibliographyCrossette, Barbara. (1998). Nuclear Suspicions Cling to Iraq in Latest Report. http://search3.nytimes/nuclearweapons.html 2000, May 12. Schemo, Diana Jean. (1997). In Brazil, a struggle to save Rainforest. http://search3.nytimes/search/daily/destruction of environment.html 2000, May 12. Woolf Ph. D, Linda. Holocaust and Genocide Studies. http://www.webster.edu/woolflm/holocaust.html 2000, May 12.

Ache Of Marriage Essays - Perception, Suffering, Acute Pain, Pain

Ache Of Marriage In "The Ache of Marriage," Denise Levertov attempts to explain the pain this marriage experiences. It is a pain that affects both emotional and physical states of being. Levertov describes the pain as if someone were reading her thoughts. Through Levertov's use of non-conventional form, the theme of the pain of marriage and overcoming that pain jumps from the page. The author divides the poem into two parts. On one hand, Levertov shows the difficulty in making a marriage last. She depicts how a marriage can ache and hurt. On the other hand, Levertov says that a blissful marriage as the ultimate goal. All the trial and tribulations a marriage endures prove to be worth it the sacrifices. Through her words, the dichotomy of marriage is personified as an actual human entity. It is a being, which aches in the "thigh and tongue" (2). Levertov's clever use of the literary technique of personification shows how marriage is hard but it can be a beautiful institution if sufficient time and energy are spent to correct what has been damaged. The beginning of the poem relates the downsides of marriage. She says, "thigh and tongue, beloved, / are heavy with it, / it throbs in the teeth" (2-4). This pain affects every part of the body. The use of the verb throb raises the intensity if the pain. The tongue aches because of the endless arguments a marriage experiences. The thighs ache because of the heavy burden pain places upon their shoulders. The turmoil brought upon by this pain makes the marriage suffer. Because this marriage physically causes pain, it may be hard to realize what a blessed thing it is. The pain of this marriage results in the ultimate achievement of the objective of marriage. The poem states that all the aches and pains of marriage are worth going through because the love of another is monumental. The husband and wife search in order to heal the pain within each other but cannot find it. The search for communion is an instance of sharing. Sharing both the pain as well as the joy of marriage. If both parties in a marriage share the aches of marriage, then they will not hurt nearly as bad. In order for the pain to cease, they must first face the pain with each other. By suffering through the hurdles of this institution, the pain will either bring them closer together or tear them apart. The "look for communion" (5) and sharing in the marriage is what these hurting people are searching for. After first personifying pain in a marriage as an evil state where the pain endures, Levertov shows that regardless of the hurt they can still walk "two by two in the ark of/ the ache of it" (12-13). Imagery is another literary device Levertov uses to illustrate the difficulty in maintaining a sacred institution. Levertov makes an allusion to Noah's ark by saying, "two by two in the ark of" (12). Noah's ark symbolizes to some survival and faith in one's creator. This image creates thoughts of survival of the marriage and faith in one another. This biblical image illustrates how strong the bond of marriage is for Levertov compares it to Noah's ark, which is the biblical explanation for the continuation of man. Another image Levertov conjures up is evident in lines 10-11. She says, "It is leviathan and we/ in its belly/ looking for joy, some joy/ not to be known outside it" (10-11). The comparison of marriage to a leviathan serves as a vivid image. Because the pain is comparable to a leviathan, which is an enormous, monstrous creature, at times it may seem like there is no way to conquer this hurdle. Levertov says that pain is a monster, within which the search for joy continues. There is no understanding of happiness because the marriage centers on pain. Levertov writes "The Ache of Marriage" as if someone were speaking. Her angst filled words flow similar to natural human speech just like a conversation. This poem does not use periods or any specific rhyming pattern making the ideas short and precise. The form is important because the temptation to be sing-songy is eliminated. Because the poem is written in free verse, the mood glooms with despair.

Change Initiatives in Higher Education Setting

Change Initiatives in Higher Education Setting Introduction Educational institutes are a vital part of the society since they are responsible for equipping people to be productive society members. Due to the importance with which these institutes are regarded, educators and policy makers are constantly seeking ways to make them even more effective and efficient.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Change Initiatives in Higher Education Setting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Innovation and reform efforts have particularly been highlighted as being crucial to the progress of higher education institutes (Billot, 2011). As a result of this, many change initiatives have been developed in the educational system setting. This paper will address the merits and demerits of this many changes and offer insights on how leaders should approach organizational changes. Impacts of Change Initiatives Over the years, many calls for change in higher education have been issued by po licy makers and educators alike. While higher education institutes were traditionally highly resistant to change, the past decade has seen them embrace change initiatives on previously unprecedented levels (Norman Lynn, 2008). While the acceptance of change by higher education institutes has been hailed by many as a good thing, the number of change plans in place has reduced the effectiveness of these efforts. The large number of change plans in place leads to many competing innovations taking place at the same time. Kezar (2009) states that as a result of the number of competing projects that exist in an institution, administrators and staff end up being unaware of many of the initiatives going on in their campuses. This lack of awareness sometimes leads to similar change initiatives being undertaken simultaneously by different individuals which leads to redundancy. When there are a lot of change initiatives within the higher education institute, it is hard for priorities to be se t on which initiative is to be given more attention (Billot, 2011). In addition to this, many change initiatives can result in groups being formed within the campus community with each group advocating for the advancement of its specific interests. These interest groups are detrimental of the campus since they result in strife as well as disunity as the campus is engaged in multiple fragmented efforts. How Leaders Should Approach Organizational Change Leaders should ensure that they have the necessary skills to guide the change initiatives they are advocating. Norman and Lynn (2008) assert that change efforts in higher education are predisposed to fail unless they are carried out in a rigorous, theoretically sound, and professionally reflective manner (p.113). The leaders who promote specific change initiatives should therefore be committed and skilled and base their efforts on a solid understanding of the process of change. Leaders should keep track of the various change initiative s going on in their institutes to as to avoid duplicative efforts. Duplicative programs result in wastage of resources and inefficiencies in the specific initiatives.Advertising Looking for article on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Combining programs which aim to achieve the same goals will result in greater efficiency as well as higher degrees of success as it will result in cooperation to meet the goals of the initiative. Kezar (2009) asserts that if related efforts were joined, there would be greater human and financial resources and reduced infrastructure expenses. In some cases, the high numbers of change initiatives are unavoidable for the institute. Kezar (2009) suggests that in the case where multiple change initiatives are inevitable, the education institute can benefit from generating a list of the changes in priority order. This will have the advantage of ensuring that all the people see that t heir interests are given consideration even if they are to be addressed at some future date. My Insights Leaders should avoid coming up with change initiative projects on their own and then imposing them on the rest of the people. Instead, leaders should seek to get the support of as many members of the campus as is possible for the change initiatives. Norman and Lynn (2008) reveal that innovations or revisions in school programs have had only about 20% success rate due to the lack of support from key players in the school. Another important consideration when implementing change is to increase the input of students. Most changes are proposed due to the realization that the current way of doing things is not the most effective. The changes therefore seek to address problems that may face the students so as to achieve positive outcomes. At the present, while there have been intense endeavors to implement change in campuses, the involvement of students in the initiatives has been lack ing. Mitra (2004) observes that many schools struggle to come up with effective change initiatives but very few seek the solutions from the students who are central to the success of the change process. Conclusion Changes are important if the improvement of student learning and increased research is to be achieved by our higher education institutes. This paper set out to address the challenges that might arise as a result of numerous change initiatives in our campuses. While changes in educational structures and approaches are advantageous, implementing too many changes might have a deleterious effect. This paper has advocated for the reduction of the number of changes as well as getting the support of the entire campus and including student voice in change initiatives. This will result in greater success for the change efforts hence lead to the achievement of an effective learning environment in the higher education setting.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Change Initiatives in Higher Education Setting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Billot, J. (2011). The changing research context: implications for leadership. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 33 (1), 37–46. Kezar, A. (2009). Change in Higher Education: Not Enough, or Too Much? Web. Mitra, D. (2004). The significance of students: Can increasing â€Å"student voice† in schools lead to gains in youth development? Teachers College Record, 106(4), 651–688. Norman, E. Lynn, H. (2008). Long-term Strategic Incrementalism: An Approach and a Model for Bringing About Change in Higher Education. Innov High Educ 33(3), 111–124.

Descriptive Statistics of the Business Model Project

Descriptive of the Business Model - Statistics Project Example Descriptive Statistics of the Business Model From table 1.1, which gives Descriptive Statistics, the mean of driving distance for the current model is 272.85 and that of new model is 269. Hence the mean of the new model is 3.85 lower than the mean for current model. The standard deviation of the current model and new model are 9.81 and 11.434 respectively. Coefficient of variation is a measure of reliability and it depicts the consistency of a series of data. If it is lower for a series of data, then the series is considered to be more reliable than the series which has relatively greater coefficient of variation. It is computed as SD divided by mean multiplied by 100. It is expressed in percentage. When we evaluate the coefficient of variation for both the models, the coefficient of variation is 3.6% for the first model and 4.25% for the second model. Hence the current model seems to be more reliable than the new model. To test whether this difference of 3.85 is significant or not we perform independent t-test. To know the ext reme values (both current and new model) both upper 5 and lower 5 values, the following table 1.2 is given. From graph 1.1, Boxplots allow us to compare each group using a five-number summary: the median, the 25th and 75th percentiles, and the minimum and maximum observed values that are not statistically outlying. Outliers and extreme values are given special attention The heavy black line inside each box marks the 50th percentile, or median, of that distribution.

Gender diferences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gender diferences - Essay Example Kimmel explains that gender inequality and differences are the core of Muslim society determining its main norms and traditions, relations between women and men, husbands and wives. The case Punishment Worse than the Crime shows that gender relations are a part of cultural traditions. â€Å"One of the key determinants of women's status has been the division of labor around child care. Women's role in reproduction has historically limited their social and economic participation† (Kimmel 53). The case shows that gender differences are socially determined. Those values, customs and behavioral norms that account for the sexual differentiation in adult personal identity and behavior are transmitted from generation to generation. In Muslim countries, gender identity is being constructed at every developmental stage of the life cycle, from infancy right through to late adulthood, as the developmental antecedents and behavioral consequences interact with the personality. For Pakistan women punishment is worse than the crime because women obtain a low social role in society and cannot accuse men in wrong behavior. In many Muslim countries, a woman is â€Å"a thing† owned by a man (a father or a husband) who has no rights and freedoms (Connell 43). The case shows that culture and social practices passes on to children, who once they have put on the lenses. This process holds true as a general but not an absolute pattern. Not everyone is so preprogrammed. There are in every society and culture mismatches whose bodies are of one sex and their psyches of the other. They develop their own gender identity by looking at rather than through the lenses. Far from being unnatural, such phenomena are part of the diversity of nature interacting with culture, very much, she says, like the diversity of food preferences: the natural desire for food does not in itself determine what is acceptable food in one culture as against the next, or what one person will prefer as against another within the same culture. "Rape may be a strategy to ensure continued male domination or a vehicle by which men can hope to conceal maternal dependence, according to ethnographers, but it is surely not an alternative dating strategy" (Kimmel 55). The picture pre sented here is of a community in which traditional cultural norms and ideal practices form the basis on which patriarchy is reproduced. Two factors, education and unemployment, are countervailing factors, both of them having had and continuing to have a profound effect on the most central institution in East life, marriage, and the relations between men and women. Education and other Western influences, bringing about significant changes in the way East fulfill their roles as fathers. The most important part of the story would be a rape itself and its perception by men. It is possible to assume that men do not feel guilty or do not perceive the act of rape as a crime. Cross cultural perspective can be applied to all situations described in this case. The psychological theory suggests that labor division influences perception of women and their social roles. In this division, a woman's role is ideally that of housewife and a man's that of provider working outside the confines

Toyota vs GM( situation during the crisis 2008) Research Paper

Toyota vs GM( situation during the crisis 2008) - Research Paper Example The motor vehicle industry in the US was particularly hard hit by the economic meltdown to an extent that some automobile giants had to be bailed out financially to rescue them. Even if Toyota’s performance was also affected by the economic crunch, the relative better performance against General Motors’s was contributed by Toyota’s manufacturing policy adopted at the company level. Popularly known as the Toyota Production System (TPS), the workforce is motivated to work and contribute actively to the maximization of output and innovation. There is a good tradition at the Toyota production plants concerning industrial elations characterized by the harmonious management of the same. Toyota has been able to successfully handle the pressure of exerted by radical unions and facilitated favorable enterprise unions. According to Bunkley and Vlasic (1), the motor vehicle industry’s performance in 2008 was the worst since 1993 as under a million units only were sold in the US alone. Perhaps, this explains why the General Motors’s performance declined. Toyotas’ performance went down by twenty four per cent while General Motors’s sales decline was by about sixteen percent in 2008. General Motors’s flop translated to losses amounting to over fifteen billion US$ while Toyota’s loss was about a third of General Motors’s failure. The performance dwindling at Toyota was the worst drop in the last two decades, and losses the worst in its entire 72 years of existence, even if it was relatively a better performance than that achieved by General Motors The differential performance by the two motor vehicle companies can be said to be largely as a result of forces beyond management control. Global economic performance was the major factor that poor sales in the motor industry can be attributed to (Wad, 9). At the corporation management level, there was little intervention that could have been adopted

The Image Of Women In Tv Advertisements Media Essay

The Image Of Women In Tv Advertisements Media Essay The first television advertisement appeared on July, 1941 during a baseball game on a local New York channel. The 10-second commercial spot broadcasted by the company Bulova Watches has revolutionized the television (Business Wikipedia). It knew a large overwhelm that pushed many other companies to jump on board .By 1948; many additional companies adopted this new marketing technique, and little by little , the new tool has become familiar and very used and companies were obliged to compete against each other to attract the largest number of customers . For this reason they tend to employ the more attracting image to convince people to buy. One of these images is that of woman. Since the late 60s, there have been concerns about woman ¿Ã‚ ½s portrayal in the media. Western advertisers introduce her in different commercials since they had noticed that her appearance is very effective in term of attractiveness. But, it is so noticeable that in the majority of ads, women are stereotype d and abused. However many wrong ideas are promoted about them, since they are always viewed as objects used to attract people ¿Ã‚ ½s attention. Besides their devaluation, the content of advertisement contains a lot of violence against them. Their abuse and their image misuse should be considered a serious issue as it affects the audience and change their minds and gazes. In Fact, advertisers tend to play on people ¿Ã‚ ½s psychologies, so they can easily manipulate and convince them to buy unnecessary goods. The question here is how western TV advertisements stereotype women and how much this could harm the audience. Chapter 1: Literature review 1. The Image of Women in TV Advertisements: 1.1 Women in TV advertisement; from a subject to an object: a) Women as a Sex Object: Nowadays, advertisements are seen everywhere at any time. Most of advertisers seek to present a beautiful sexy woman in their commercials in order to market products and by doing so they consider her as just a sex object that can persuade the consumer by means of seduction to buy. Many companies have succeeded in increasing their revenues by using the sexual context which has enlarged their customer base and attracted a largest number of clients. Therefore, Berger considers these advertisement techniques as  ¿Ã‚ ½sexploitation of the female body as one of its communication tools ¿Ã‚ ½ ( Ilona P.Pawlowski,2007). Historically, the employment of women as a sexual object has evolved gradually;  ¿Ã‚ ½in 1983 only 28% of women shown in ads had some sexy clothes in their bodies but  ¿Ã‚ ½in 2007, 75% ¿Ã‚ ½ of them dressed in an attractive sensual way. Nowadays women appear partially nude in advertisement. In other words,  ¿Ã‚ ½women not only continued to be portrayed in a sexual manner, but also the degree of sexuality increased over time ¿Ã‚ ½ (Ilona P.Pawlowski,2007). In the article  ¿Ã‚ ½The Exploitation of Women in Ads ¿Ã‚ ½ written by Kanter on the web cite Study mode, the fact that many fashion photographers return pornographic publications to take sexual and attractive poses or only parts of women ¿Ã‚ ½s body is mentioned. The book stresses the image of women as a sexual object, a thing or a part of the merchandise to be dehumanized especially by showing just parts of her body. To conclude as Cortese notices in his book Provocateur: Images of Women and Minorities in Advertisement  ¿Ã‚ ½advertising sells much more than products, it sells values and cultural representations, such as success and sexuality. ¿Ã‚ ½ Moreover, women are more used than men in advertisements and according to this article  ¿Ã‚ ½How Advertising Women Models Can Reach Market? ¿Ã‚ ½ the writer confirms that  ¿Ã‚ ½even for products that the target consumers are males ¿Ã‚ ½ woman image is often employed. It creates on them an impression that women would like a man that uses that product. In other words,  ¿Ã‚ ½women want this. Get the product, get the woman ¿Ã‚ ½ (Cortese, 2008). This shows that nowadays, women are used as a sex object with all kind of products from electronics to make-up. An article titled  ¿Ã‚ ½Russia-Campaign against sexism in advertising ¿Ã‚ ½ insists on the same idea,  ¿Ã‚ ½the female body is portrayed as a propaganda for pornography, violence and prostitution ¿Ã‚ ½ in order to advertise products that men buy such as cars, beers, perfume ¿Ã‚ ½for example in cars advertisement, women ¿Ã‚ ½s hot body is most of the time present,  ¿Ã‚ ½they act as a supplement to the car, as one of the options available to be expensively purchased by a successful man ¿Ã‚ ½. Danesi, a moralist, advertising professional and student of contemporary marketing communication knowledge, writes in his book Sex in Advertising that if we read about psychological studies that examine how males think, we can notice that  ¿Ã‚ ½the reward centers in the brains of young heterosexual males were activated by female face ¿Ã‚ ½. This means that the reason of creating a suggestive advertisement is that by showing women ¿Ã‚ ½s body as a sex object we can activate and influence the reward centers of a man and push him to purchase a product, simply because there is the image of a female body on its cover. Also, by showing women ¿Ã‚ ½s body we can access to the subconscious of a man and make him implicitly remember the sexual thing (women). That ¿Ã‚ ½s why  ¿Ã‚ ½Advertisers believe that the more outlandish, the sexier, the more skin shown, the more the brand image will refuse to leave your memory ¿Ã‚ ½ (Dansei, 2011). Figure 1: A nude woman in DG ad. This psychological explanation is another definite proof that women ¿Ã‚ ½s body is abused for marketing benefits for which many famous companies tend to portray women in a sex context , such as Dolce ¿Ã‚ ½ Gabbana, Calvin Klein, Yves Saint Laurent and many other well-known brands. Besides, according to the article  ¿Ã‚ ½Sex in advertising  ¿Ã‚ ½by Dansei, there are  ¿Ã‚ ½5000 advertising messages a day ¿Ã‚ ½ that a person can receive and 20% of these ads contain sexual images. So, advertisers consider that women ¿Ã‚ ½s bodies are not only  ¿Ã‚ ½a beguiling approach ¿Ã‚ ½ to attract consumers ¿Ã‚ ½ attention, but also the best tool and can be  ¿Ã‚ ½ Commodified as products that have a use value. ¿Ã‚ ½(Dansei,2011) It ¿Ã‚ ½s so clear then that a sex object is something that has become essential in every advertisement in a way that objectified and dehumanized women. This can be explained by the fact that  ¿Ã‚ ½people believe that sex sells products ¿Ã‚ ½ (Province,Monique,2010). As a result  ¿Ã‚ ½sex in advertisement contributes to the building of strong, vibrant, and long-lasting brands ¿Ã‚ ½ (Ilona P.Pawlowski,2007). Verhoeven explains in her article  ¿Ã‚ ½Axe body spray ads and women as sex objects ¿Ã‚ ½ that  ¿Ã‚ ½advertisements do not just sell products, they also promote and establish our culture ¿Ã‚ ½s values and ideas ¿Ã‚ ½ so naturally  ¿Ã‚ ½stereotypes are reinforced by advertisement ¿Ã‚ ½ (Verhoeven, Hanna, 2011). Axe body spray is one of the many examples of ads that make stereotypes against women. Figure 2: pictures of Axe spray commercial: The fallen angel To set an example, these two images belong to the commercial spot of Axe body spray for men. It is titled  ¿Ã‚ ½Fallen angels ¿Ã‚ ½; this ad shows many beautiful women introduced as angels that came from sky, on earth, they go directly to the place from where comes the smell of Axe body spray. When they find the man who puts it, they take off their crowns, forget about their innocence and seduce him. The message this ad delivers to the male audience is that women can not control themselves when smelling such a perfume. It ¿Ã‚ ½s always a sex context. b) The image of the traditional housewife: Another inappropriate image the advertisement reflects is the perfect housewife whose tasks are raising children and taking care of her house and husband .An article titled  ¿Ã‚ ½Women ¿Ã‚ ½s Images in Magazine Advertisement: How Far Have They Come? ¿Ã‚ ½ discuss this topic. It emphasizes in fact that advertisers  ¿Ã‚ ½characterize them as possessing low intelligence, analytical ability, and rationality ¿Ã‚ ½ and when the audience especially men get this message, they will generalize these characteristics to all women and of course this result in a devaluation of the woman and its important role in society. Standing for the same idea, Naughton Michael states in his book  ¿Ã‚ ½The Popularized Housewife in Advertisements ¿Ã‚ ½, that  ¿Ã‚ ½The creators of ads made it appear that the full time job of a woman should be a housewife ¿Ã‚ ½. Women are considered as mades or servants who are responsible just for the rest of the family. Figure 3: The traditional image of a hou sewife Therefore, many advertisements present the image of the housewives wearing the magic uniform of work. Usually ,they wear  ¿Ã‚ ½aprons, skirts, high heels, and pearls ¿Ã‚ ½ (Naughton,Michael,2006). He adds that  ¿Ã‚ ½The ad showed that women are expected to be in this professional uniform all the time ¿Ã‚ ½. they are always placed in the kitchen or the bathroom (described by Naughton as their  ¿Ã‚ ½office ¿Ã‚ ½). These two elements of job (uniform and office)  ¿Ã‚ ½strengthens that the housewife is, indeed, an important job as any other is ¿Ã‚ ½. This message delivered by advertisement reinforces the idea of the dependency of women on men. Figure 4:The commercial of Schlitz beer  ¿Ã‚ ½Negative characterizations made by advertisers such as women ¿Ã‚ ½s place is her house or women are weak and need men protection, push men to think that these ideas are true and women are really weak fragile and unable to go out for working. Moreover, advertisements show that women as housewives can not make expensive purchases. They are not intelligent enough to make such decisions. Differently, men in advertisements are introduced as businessmen who are usually busy outside the house .They also make big decisions and  ¿Ã‚ ½look after women who are not capable of looking after themselves ¿Ã‚ ½ (Shrikhande,Vaisahli 2003). It is so obvious here that advertisement stands for gender inequity. In fact it tends to present women in inferior positions comparing to males. Moreover they are very devaluated when their activities are limited to house shores. As an example, an ad for Schiltz beer shows a woman that burned the dinner that she prepared for her husband. She cries for this, then her husband says  ¿Ã‚ ½do not worry darling, you didn ¿Ã‚ ½t burn the beer ¿Ã‚ ½. The idea of the woman who serves the  ¿Ã‚ ½man of the house ¿Ã‚ ½ (Naughton, 2003) in order to make him happy is so clear. c) The Image of the Dumb Blonde: The article  ¿Ã‚ ½The Dumb Blonde Women Stereotype ¿Ã‚ ½ demonstrates that blond women are considered as beautiful, thin, sexy and attractive but not intelligent not serious and not responsible. Again she is seen as an empty minded who has no opinion or personality. Blonde women are always shown busy taking care of themselves in order to look beautiful; their main interest is to wear provocative clothes, put sexy perfumes and make-up .They are portrayed as stupid and superficial.  ¿Ã‚ ½This stereotype is often expressed excessively in blonde jokes ¿Ã‚ ½ (The dumb blonde women stereotype). In addition, advertisers treat blond women as a  ¿Ã‚ ½piece of meat ¿Ã‚ ½ (Kazay,Ginger 2007). The question here is why this image of the dumb blonde is employed in ads? Advertisers portray a blonde as a stupid women to attract the consumer attention and to keep the ad in his mind. They want to create original, funny ideas. When the consumer watches such funny images, he will laugh and t ell others about it. The ad is registered in his mind and transmitted to others. This is the result that advertisers aim to achieve. 1.2 Violence against Women in Advertisement: a ) Physical Violence:The first aspect of violence against woman that advertisement shows, is the sex context excessively used when introducing women in ads. Women are objectified and seen in a weak position, helpless and  ¿Ã‚ ½bound ¿Ã‚ ½ (Evans,Rachel), however men are seen strong and  ¿Ã‚ ½with power over women ¿Ã‚ ½ (Evans,Rachel). Advertisers send, through this image, the subliminal message that women like and want violent men. Evans explains this idea in her article  ¿Ã‚ ½American Experience: Does Selling Sex in Modern Ads Advocate Violence against Women? ¿Ã‚ ½ she writes about modern advertisement  ¿Ã‚ ½They are desirable to women, that desirable women are submissive, and that a woman doesn ¿Ã‚ ½t really mean no when she says it ¿Ã‚ ½ she adds that  ¿Ã‚ ½this image of violence towards women results in  ¿Ã‚ ½desensitizing consumers into thinking that violence against women is not only acceptable, but encouraged ¿Ã‚ ½ (Evans,Rachel). Such message is reall y a very dangerous way to portrait women .It is so unhealthy to make people believe that women like violence. Dealing with the same issue, Mc Cormack an assistant sociology professor collected many ads from the most famous magazines in America like Business Week and Cosmopolitan that show  ¿Ã‚ ½women smiling as they are being hit ¿Ã‚ ½ ( Rob,Roberts1991). He deduces that advertisement make the audience believes that women like to be hit and this is of course so wrong. Unfortunately, this kind of message that people get from advertisement encourage men to be violent with women. Mc Cormick ensures that  ¿Ã‚ ½We never see men in these positions, we never see men upside down, we never see men tied up, we never see men being assaulted by women, we never see men being hit by women, being hit by things in the head. We certainly would not see men enjoying it ¿Ã‚ ½ (Rob,Roberts1991). This picture is a concrete example of the conception of violence that advertisement emphasizes. It is an ad made by the famous company Calvin Klein,  ¿Ã‚ ½the image was demeaning to women by suggesting that she is a plaything of these men. It also demeans men by implying sexualized violence against women. ¿Ã‚ ½ (Doherty,Elissa 2010) Figure 5: a woman as sex object in Kelvin Klein ad Another company that its ads are plenty of violence against women is DolceGabbana. For this reason Dina Price made an interview with the Italian designer of this brand. He stated that  ¿Ã‚ ½these ads do not represent rape or violence, but if one had to give an interpretation of the picture, it could recall an erotic dream, a sexual game ¿Ã‚ ½. The idea of this  ¿Ã‚ ½sexual game ¿Ã‚ ½ is adopted by the majority of famous brands.  ¿Ã‚ ½All these companies consider violence and humiliation sexy. They transform these into that art that shocks the public opinion ¿Ã‚ ½ (Sex and Violence in Advertising, A Mainstream Phenomena). In fashion world, we notice that  ¿Ã‚ ½fashion photographers have an ongoing obsession with images of women looking dead ¿Ã‚ ½ (Katelate Stephanie,2011). These dead-like women are shown in a sexy and attractive poses. We can deduce here that advertisers and designers use violence to present something sexy (Katelate stephanie 2011).So women are shown again portrayed in shocking images. They are usually seen in  ¿Ã‚ ½an unhealthy way ¿Ã‚ ½ and suffering from the physical violence such as  ¿Ã‚ ½torture and killing ¿Ã‚ ½ (Rob,Roberts1991) caused by men. b) Psychological Violence: Sexual exploitation of women has increased over the last decades as a new marketing strategy. They are seen as attractive bodies and nothing else. This emotional violence can also be proved by discrimination, based on skin color, made by advertisers. White women are always preferable when choosing a model for a commercial spot. It ¿Ã‚ ½s so rare to see an advertisement with a black model, and even if it happened, she would be introduced as a vulgar and unsophisticated one. More moral violence against women is seen in advertisement when just few parts of women ¿Ã‚ ½s body are shown like legs or a mouth. This is a clear dehumanization of women.  ¿Ã‚ ½The reduction of women to body parts for men ¿Ã‚ ½s consumption can significantly damage a woman ¿Ã‚ ½s self-respect ¿Ã‚ ½ (Katele, 2011). Moreover, woman is treated as a prostitute in the majority of advertisements. She is not serious or respectful but happy with a smiley face. Considering this picture; they are not only intro duced as prostitutes but also proud of it! 1.3 Advertisers ¿Ã‚ ½ Definition of Beauty: a) The White Skin: To be beautiful as a first condition is to be a white-skinned person! This what advertisers promote as ¿Ã‚ ½White beauty is viewed as superior ¿Ã‚ ½ as Banks Michaela Choo confirms, because white women are seen more innocent, shiny, with straight hair and  ¿Ã‚ ½light skin ¿Ã‚ ½. In contrast, black women are viewed  ¿Ã‚ ½as animals more than as humans ¿Ã‚ ½ she adds. We can deduce then that racism is another negative value advertisement spreads. Furthermore, advertisers  ¿Ã‚ ½define the white standard of beauty in terms of the skin tone, hair type and body shape ¿Ã‚ ½, Bank says. One understands from this definition that not all white women are considered beautiful. Advertisers have many criteria to be followed. According to them the perfect white women must be thin, with straight hair, nice smile and preferably blond. A concrete example is when an African-American model was refused by the company of Ciroc Vodka (Bitchie,Nicole 2009), simply because she was a black wom an and the company admitted it. She wondered  ¿Ã‚ ½What message does this send? If you are not light you are not right? If you are black get back? What does this do for the self-esteem of young  ¿Ã‚ ½dark-skinned ¿Ã‚ ½ African-American girls every where? Tell them that they are ugly because their skin is too dark? Is this a type of mentality that you like to promote in your marketing campaigns? ¿Ã‚ ½ (Bitchie,Nicole 2009) For more credibility, researchers made statistics to figure out the percentage that white women take in commercials. As shown in the table below, white women are used in most ads of product categories. Models with light skin accounted by 64.8% in the clothes products ads compared to medium and black-skinned models by only 35.2%. This shows that advertisement designers prefer white women and consider them the more beautiful. For perfumes products black models are present in just 20% of ads when the rest (80%) is for white ones. For make-up products 65.5% of ads for white models and 34.5% for dark models. Through this obvious discrimination, advertisers tend to manipulate the unconsciousness of the consumer and oblige him to adopt the idea that the white skin is the first condition of beauty. Product category Light skin models Medium and dark skin models Hair product Shoes Perfumes Public service Ad Electronics Skin care Makeup Other 50.0% 66.7% 80.0% 58.8% 54.5% 57.1% 65.5% 61.5% 11 10 12 10 6 16 19 40 50.0% 33.3% 20.0% 41.2% 45.5% 42.9% 34.5% 38.5% 11 5 3 7 5 12 10 25 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Table (*): Product for light skin models b) Super Skinny Models: Nowadays, skinny models are seen in all types of advertisement. They are preferred by many fashion designers who find them very attractive, beautiful and  ¿Ã‚ ½as the way their skin tightens up over the bone in most places in their bodies is what makes them look sexy and attractive ¿Ã‚ ½ (Barrett,Patrick,2004).  ¿Ã‚ ½Not only their bodies are easier to dress with but also the clothes hang better on them, says Joanna Hill, an advertisement designer in New York.  ¿Ã‚ ½Skinny models just look better ¿Ã‚ ½ says Karl Lagerfeld, a fashion designer from Germany. For that reason, most models shown in commercials of famous and well known brands are always super skinny ones. This excessive exposition to this image will lead people to think that to be elegant, beautiful and sexy, you should be too thin that your bone could be seen easily! This is of course a wrong idea, women are of different weights and being too thin is not a beauty indicator. However many women today seek to loose weight just to imitate what they see in T.V. As a model of perfume ,clothes or makup commercials, they think if such a famous brand employed this model to advertise its product , they should be necessarily so perfect. And to be beautiful, they should just look like her. c) Beautiful is to be Young: Sexy women are frequently seen in all types of advertisements. As sex sells every thing, advertisers employ attractive women posed in provocative way to buy products. But before beauty, models should be of course young women, the age is so important to advertise especially for feminine products .Beauty is so related to youth, this what advertisers promote. This idea can deeply harm the female audience. Every woman that gets over 30 or 35 will consider herself as an ugly woman that can not be seen as beautiful in a way or another. A woman may think that way due to the fact that the message excessively sent to the audience generalizes the idea even if is totally wrong, it makes everybody believe it even though it is illogical. It is so clear then that advertisers promote their own opinions and ideas and seek to standardize people ¿Ã‚ ½s mind in a way that serves them and convinces consumers to purchase what is advertised. 2. Stereotypes Against Women in TV Advertisements and its Impact on Society: 2.1 Women ¿Ã‚ ½s Body Dissatisfaction: Today, TV advertisement is a common way by which a company promotes its products. Thin and beautiful models or celebrities are the main image that companies relies on to attract the audience. In fact, this repeated image of the same physical characteristics of models create on women a feeling of dissatisfaction .They automatically tend to overestimate their bodies sizes in order to look like what they always see in ads. This causes them many serious problems. a) Eating Disorders: Eating disorders is eating more or less than the body needs. It is caused usually by psychological problems like anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa which are characterized by a disturbance of eating behavior. The first involves  ¿Ã‚ ½rejection of food ¿Ã‚ ½ while the second involves  ¿Ã‚ ½pursing ¿Ã‚ ½ after eating. Women mostly influenced by these disorders. In fact advertisement has a noticeable role in causing these troubles. After watching TV commercials that standardizes the conception of beauty, women would feel dissatisfied with their bodies shape. According to the researchers Harrison and Canter  ¿Ã‚ ½disordered eating symptomlogy and encompass related variables such as body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness, perfection, and ineffectiveness ¿Ã‚ ½ (Cohen, Sara2006). In advertisements, the portrayal of  ¿Ã‚ ½super-slim ¿Ã‚ ½ females is considered as more fashionable, desirable and attractive. Many researchers confirm that exposure to ideal-body images could increase eating disorders in two ways. First  ¿Ã‚ ½exposure could lead to internalizing the ideal-body stereotype ¿Ã‚ ½ (Harbin Channel,2011), which causes an excessive dieting in order to attain the internalized ideal. Second, exposure to thin-ideal could promote  ¿Ã‚ ½social comparison ¿Ã‚ ½, which engenders intense dieting as a means of seeking to meet  ¿Ã‚ ½external standards. ¿Ã‚ ½ b) Low Self-esteem: After watching super models in advertisements, women tend to compare themselves with models shown in commercials. This comparison makes them dissatisfied with the way they look especially those who already have negative impression about their bodies.  ¿Ã‚ ½Women who already have low opinions of their physical appearance are at an even greater risk for negative effects from media images ¿Ã‚ ½, says Bessonoff a professor in the Psychological Department in the University of Connecticut who has more than 7 years in the fields of social comparison, body image, and women in the media. Moreover, TV commercials show also unrealistic images with many modifications.  ¿Ã‚ ½Viewing television commercials containing images of the unrealistic thin-ideal for women caused adolescent girls to feel less confident, and more dissatisfied with their weight and appearances ¿Ã‚ ½(Dittmar Helega,2011). Women evaluate their own attitudes, abilities, and beliefs among others and they are not satisfied with their appearance which is more judged by themselves than by others.  ¿Ã‚ ½Comparisons interested on appearance commonly are upward, which means that a woman compares herself to others who are more attractive and better in order to find out the standard of excellence. This upward comparison is related to  ¿Ã‚ ½body dissatisfaction disordered eating, decreased self-confidence, depression, and anxiety ¿Ã‚ ½ (Cohen, Sara ,2006). c) The Need to be Perfect: The pressure of exposure in today ¿Ã‚ ½s life leads to dangerous effects on women ¿Ã‚ ½s body. Exposure, in which the ideal body image is portrayed, will make women unhappy and dissatisfied with their body shape, especially when they watch thin models, who advertise new fashion designs, so they feel the need to be perfect like them. Thin body images of such models and actress have been getting thinner and thinner over the past 40 years. They are wearing very small sizes 1and 0 which make women attempt impossible standards in order to be beautiful and perfect. As a result, cosmetic surgeries are very popular today. Many medical professionals confirm that the rising of cosmetic surgery is due to the rising accessibility to television programs. Thus, women become dissatisfied, worried, and obsessed with their appearance, and they turned to be only concerned about looking for cosmetics and advertised products that promised to offer them solutions. It is clear then why advertisers see k to make women feel unsatisfied and unhappy with their looks. 2.2 Stereotypes Against Women in Tv Advertisement and its Effects on Men: Nowadays, we are excessively exposed to advertisements in every single moment because of the well developed techniques used. Woman ¿Ã‚ ½s image is always the essential part in TV ads. This has a big influence on the audience. a) The Influence of Sexy Images on Men: Advertisements that contain plenty of sexy bodies may affect the audience and shape their ideas about women. A sexy ad in which a woman wears a bikini gets the attention of men. A research done by Susan Fiske, a professor of psychology at Princeton University, shows that  ¿Ã‚ ½in men ,the brain areas are associated with handling tools and the intention to perform actions light up when viewing images of women in bikinis ¿Ã‚ ½(Landau,Elizabeth,2010). Another research uses  ¿Ã‚ ½brain scans ¿Ã‚ ½ to show that when we see images of sexy bodies  ¿Ã‚ ½an activity increased in a part of the brain called the premotor cortex, which is involved in taking actions ¿Ã‚ ½ (Lan, 2011). Moreover, these sexy images portrayed in TV ads tend to increase the sexual appetite of men. According to the authors Bram Van den Bergh, Siegfried Dewitt, and Luk Warlop,  ¿Ã‚ ½the desire for immediate rewards increased in men who touched bras, looked at pictures of beautiful women, or watched video cl ips of young women in bikinis running through a park ¿Ã‚ ½ ( Science Daily,2008). b) The Influence of Models on Men ¿Ã‚ ½s Desire and Want towards Their Wives: As models are portrayed in different and frequent ads in their stereotyped manner, men are influenced by their bodies ¿Ã‚ ½ attractiveness and they want their wives to become like these models. Men are attracted by young women with  ¿Ã‚ ½small lower part of face with full lips, high cheek bones and long neck, large eyes and small nose ¿Ã‚ ½ (Men know what they want, 2011). c) Male ¿Ã‚ ½s gaze: According to Jonathan Schroeder,  ¿Ã‚ ½to gaze implies more than to look at-it signifies a psychological relationship of power, in which the gazer is superior to the object of the gaze ¿Ã‚ ½ (Chandler, Daniel,2011). The male ¿Ã‚ ½s gaze is the way how a man considers a woman. As TV ads are plenty of sexy women employed by advertisers to sell products  ¿Ã‚ ½the idea being that if you buy what they are selling you will get the girl ¿Ã‚ ½ (Abgond, 2011). In this picture of Channel advertisement, Nicole Kidman appears in such a way  ¿Ã‚ ½looking straightly into the eyes of the viewer ¿Ã‚ ½ (Lowen Linda, 2010). This advertisement is directed to men, Mulvey explains  ¿Ã‚ ½males may believe that buying this product as a gift for a woman might make her look like the model in the advertisement  ¿Ã‚ ½, also using this perfume could change the way people look at you ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (Lowen Linda, 2010). Figure 6: An American actress in Channel ad 2.3 Stereotypes against Women in TV Advertisement and its Effects on Children: Television continues to represent women in highly stereotyped manner in order to influence viewers and specifically children who are easily affected. a) Stereotyping: In TV ads, women are portrayed in different ways. These images have an influence on children ¿Ã‚ ½s attitudes and beliefs. Children who watch female characters as  ¿Ã‚ ½passive, indecisive, and subordinate to men, and who see this reinforced by their environment, will likely believe that this is the appropriate way for females to behave ¿Ã‚ ½ (Witt, 2011). Furthermore, children after viewing female characters in advertisements, have difficulties to distinguish fantasy from reality  ¿Ã‚ ½Television characters are often exaggerated stereotypes that can distort children ¿Ã‚ ½s expectations of people in day-to-day life ¿Ã‚ ½ (Raizada,Parul, 2009). Moreover, women have a sex-role in TV ads and it leads to a harmful effect on children ¿Ã‚ ½s minds as they keep thinking about these sexual ads, young girls may feel inferior compared to this artificial beauty which may result in depression and underestimation of themselves. b) Violence against Women in Ads Influences Children Behavior: After watching TV ads involving violence against women, children may have aggressive thoughts which leads them to use violence against their sisters and even against their mothers. According to the psychologists Craig Anderson and Brad Bushman  ¿Ã‚ ½violent cognition may start a process that reinforces kid ¿Ã‚ ½s aggressive knowledge and makes them more likely to engage in aggressive acts ¿Ã‚ ½ (Science Daily, 2008). Moreover, when kids watch aggressive actions in TV ads, this may raise the risk and the aggressive tendencies children have ¿Ã‚ ½. The two psychologists confirm that when you let your children watch violent ads  ¿Ã‚ ½you are allowing your kids to have higher potential to engage in this activity and it puts them at a higher risk because they become desensitized to violence ¿Ã‚ ½. Due to the presence of violence used by males against women in TV advertisements, children are primarily influenced by these sights and that males are always superior to females. Cons equently, very terrible images are built in children ¿Ã‚ ½s memories which are based on gender inequity and violence. c) Women ¿Ã‚ ½s Tobacco Ads and its Impact on Children Behavior: Women are present in many tobacco advertisement which has a psychological effects on children. Tobacco advertisers use different techniques when advertising cigarettes. Their convincing tools influence many children and push them to consume tobacco products. In fact, celebrities shown in tobacco ads are a very important mean to convince children that tobacco is a sign of luxury and sophistication. Many famous tobacco companies tend to use this technique such as Winston, Virginia Slims, Salem and Marlboro. This picture shows a well known American singer with a tall cigarettes. Figure 7: An American singer in tobacco ad We all know that young people are more influenced by stars behavior .This is a deliberate message for children and adolescent to buy cigarette. Indeed, advertisers do not care about how harmful their product is, they only tend to enlarge their consumer base. * Questionnaire A: * Question 1: -How old are you? The sample analyzed

What Causes Epilepsy? :: Biology Essays Research Papers

What Causes Epilepsy? From GABA to Zinc Epilepsy is "a diverse collection of disorders" (1). In the United States, there are close to one million people with epilepsy-- about 1 in 200 people around the world have epilepsy(3). This is a review of the emerging insights into the mechanisms underlying the most common form of epilepsy, complex partial epilepsy(1). Terminology and Classification of Epileptic Seizures The term seizure refers to a transient alteration of behavior due to abnormal synchronized and repetitive bursts of firing of neurons in the central nervous system. Epilepsy is syndrome of episodic brain dysfunction characterized by recurrent unpredictable spontaneous seizures. Partial seizures begin in a localized brain region, whereas generalized seizures show widespread involvement of both hemispheres. Examples of generalized seizures are absences (petit mal), myoclonic, or tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures. A complex partial seizure is associated with impairment of consciousness while a simple partial seizure is not. Most complex partial seizures originate from the temporal lobe and are also called temporal lobe seizures. Epileptics frequently have more than one type of seizure. When simple partial seizure precedes a complex partial seizure, it is referred to as an aura. More recent classifications of epileptic syndromes incorporate such features as etiology, age of onset, and th e different combinations of seizures that an epileptic has. Other commonly used terms include ictal (of seizure itself) and interictal (between seizures). Convulsion implies ictal behavior with vigorous motor activities. Status epilepticus denotes a very prolonged seizure or series of seizures occurring so frequently that full recovery of brain function does not occur interictally (1). Complex partial seizures constitute a major percentage of epilepsies and as a result of impaired consciousness are rather disabling. They are often medically intractable in that the administration of medication will not control the seizures. Most cases of complex partial epilepsy appear to stem from an abnormality in the temporal lobe, since partial resection of the temporal lobe, including the mesial structures, hippocampus, and amygdala, virtually eliminates seizures in more than 80% of selected patients. Examination of tissues of the surgical specimens and autopsy studies of patients with chronic temporal lobe epilepsy most often reveal sclerosis of the hippocampus, termed Ammons horn sclerosis, which is characterized by a marked loss of the principal neurons of hippocampus (1). Jackson and his Early Theory on Epilepsy and Brain Organization In the 1800s, it was noted by Jackson that epileptic seizures begin in isolated parts of the body such as the thumb and from there spread to neighboring regions perhaps the arm and then to the rest of the body.

History of Drama

History of Drama * Spanish Period 1. Tibag * â€Å"to excavate† * St. Helena’s search for the cross 2. Lagaylay – Pilarenos of Sorsogon get together during Maytime 3. Cenaculo – passion and death of Christ a. Cantada – chanted like pasion b. Hablada – rhythmic measure of words in a deliberate manner * Spanish Period 4. Panunuluyan – Mary & Joseph searching for refuge before Christ’s birth – presented before 12mn on Christmas eve 5. Salubong – during easter (Mary meets risen Christ) 6. Carillo (shadow play) – form of entertainment performed during a moonless night or a dark night after a harvest 7.Zarzuela – 1st Philippine drama. Musical comedy or melodrama. Has 3 acts of man’s passion & emotion (love, hate, revenge, cruelty, avarice or social/political problems) 8. Sainete – short musical comedy (18th century) – exaggerated comedies performed by characters from lower class family (indio) – theme: taken from everyday life scenarios * American Period 1. Severino Reyes – father of Tagalog drama – Walang Sugat 2. Aurelio Tolentino – a Kapampangan dramatist * Luhang Tagalog = masterpiece * Kahapon, Ngayon, at Bukas = resulted to his incarceration 3.Hermogenes Ilagan – from Central Luzon – he founded the group Campana Ilagan *Severino Reyes and Hermogenes Ilagan started the movement against the moro-moro (play against muslims) * Japanese Period * Characterized by stage shows because movie houses were closed *organization of Filipino players (Dramatic Filipinos) 1. Jose Ma. Hernandez – Panday Pira 2. Francisco Soc Rodrigo – Sa Pula sa Puti 3. Clodualdo del Mundo – Bulaga 4. Julian Cruz Balmaceda * Sino ba Kayo? * Dahil sa Anak * Higante ng Patay * Period of New Society (Modern) reviving old plays/dramas 1977 – Tales of Manuvu (new style of rock of the ballad opera) – Performed by Celeste L egaspi, Lea Navarro, Hadji Alejandro, Boy Canara, Anthony Castello & Rey Dizon – choreographed by Atic Reyes Sining Embayoka (CCP) – from Mindanao State University *Development of play 1. PETA (Philippine Educational Theater Association) – Cecille Guidote & Lino Brocka 2. Repertory Philippines – Rebecca Godines & Zenaida Amador 3. UP Repertory – Behn Cervantes 4. Teatro Filipino – Rolando Tinio